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Nursing care for osteosarcoma patients

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Osteosarcoma Nursing

Osteosarcoma occurs most often in the wide ends of long bones (the femur and tibia in the leg and arm, and the humerus in the upper arm). It sometimes spreads to the lungs and other bones.

Most kids and teens with osteosarcoma have pain that comes and goes, and they might say it’s “growing pains.” They might also have swelling or a lump in the bone.

Assessment

Patients with osteosarcoma experience musculoskeletal changes that affect mobility. They have pain, which usually is a dull localized pain that is relieved by flexing the involved extremity. The pain is often attributed to trauma or growth pains.

Osteosarcoma is a cancer that starts in bone cells or spreads from another part of the body to the bone. It is less common than other types of sarcoma (cancers that start in muscle, fat, nerves, tendons, or blood vessels).

To help find osteosarcoma, your doctor may use an X-ray or MRI. An X-ray creates pictures of the bones in your body using a small amount of radiation. The X-ray pictures show that osteosarcoma looks different than normal bone and shows a large mass in the affected bone.

Care Planning

Osteosarcoma happens when bone cells start to grow out of control. They can form lumps (tumors) and cause pain, swelling or limping in the bone or joint where the tumor is. The cancer can also break bones.

Doctors diagnose osteosarcoma with a physical exam and other tests. They may use imaging to find the size and shape of the tumor, such as an X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Other tests can check how much blood is going to the bone or if the cancer has spread to other bones or tissues. They might take a sample of tissue from the cancer for testing in a laboratory.

People with osteosarcoma can live well with treatment, including surgery to remove the tumor and chemotherapy. St. Jude has experts in limb-saving surgery and other cutting-edge therapies. The team includes orthopedic surgeons, oncologists (cancer doctors), radiation treatment specialists, rehabilitation experts and nurses. They work closely with laboratory researchers to bring new treatments quickly to the clinic.

Nursing Diagnosis

Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that most often affects the bones around the knee or shoulder in young adults and teens. It can also occur in other bones in the body.

Pain and swelling are usually the main symptoms of osteosarcoma. The pain may be severe or dull. It may get worse when the patient bends or lifts a heavy object. It is usually relieved when the patient flexes the affected area.

A doctor may order a blood test to see how much calcium is in the blood. They may also do other tests to find out if the cancer has spread.

The most common treatment for osteosarcoma is surgery and chemotherapy. Sometimes radiation therapy is used. Patients with osteosarcoma that has spread may also need amputation. Patients with amputation should be educated about using an artificial limb (prosthesis) and managing phantom limb pain. They should also be taught how to manage wound care and PICC line maintenance.

Nursing Interventions

Providing supportive care during treatment is important to prevent short- and long-term side effects. This includes preventing infections, helping patients manage pain and managing complications.

Osteosarcoma starts in the marrow cavity of long bones, like those in the arms and legs. It most often occurs in teens during a growth spurt, but it can occur at any age. It can also spread to other bones or organs in the body, most commonly to the lungs.

If osteosarcoma is diagnosed, your child will have surgery to remove the cancer and a margin of healthy tissue around it. They will also receive chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The type of surgery and chemotherapy used depends on where the tumor is, your child’s age and whether they are still growing. If the cancer is in and around the knee joint, a surgery called rotationplasty might be an option. This surgery removes the lower part of the leg and foot, but uses your child’s remaining knee to work as a knee.

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Osteosarcoma: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up

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Osteosarcoma

Many people find out they have osteosarcoma because of pain and swelling in a bone or joint. They may also limp.

The doctors will take a sample of the tumor for testing (biopsy). They will look at the tissue under a microscope to diagnose it.

Treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy. Some children may get radiation therapy too.

Diagnosis

When someone has symptoms of osteosarcoma, a health professional will examine them and take a medical history. Then the healthcare professional will do imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or bone scans. These can help find the tumor and see how far it has spread.

The healthcare professional may need to do a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. In a biopsy, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue from the tumor to check it under a microscope. The healthcare professional might also need to do other tests to see how far the cancer has spread.

Most people with osteosarcoma have chemotherapy (medicine that kills cancer cells) and surgery to remove the tumor. The doctors might also give radiation therapy. This is especially likely if the cancer has spread to the lungs. They might also use other drugs to kill any remaining cancer cells in the body. This is called “staging.” Osteosarcoma happens most often in the knee, shoulder, or thighbone, but it can happen in any bone. It’s more common in boys than girls, and taller kids have a higher risk.

Treatment

Most people with osteosarcoma need surgery and chemotherapy. Doctors also need to find out whether the cancer has spread from the bone it started in (to other bones or to other parts of the body). This process is called staging.

Sometimes, doctors are able to remove all the tumor in an arm or leg without cutting off the whole limb. This is called limb-sparing surgery. Sometimes the doctor may need to take out part of a bone or use a medical device to fill in the gap.

Chemotherapy is usually given before or after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are still alive. Most children have chemotherapy through a special port in their chest that stays there for the entire treatment. This helps to avoid multiple needle sticks. After treatment, your child will need regular follow-up care. This is to treat any late effects from treatment and watch for signs that the cancer might return.

Follow-up

A patient with osteosarcoma of the bone should be followed by an orthopedic oncologist familiar with surgical management. An initial evaluation, including imaging studies, should be performed before biopsy. This is important because an inappropriately placed biopsy or contamination of soft tissues can jeopardize limb-sparing surgery in patients with osteosarcoma of weight-bearing bones. It is also important to evaluate the patient for signs of pathological fractures and to provide protective weight bearing.

The treatment of recurrent osteosarcoma is difficult, even with complete resection. In addition, pulmonary metastases can be problematic. One study reported that nine of fourteen patients with early pulmonary metastases had their tumors progress before local control was achieved.

Several approaches can be used to treat pulmonary metastases of osteosarcoma. Some surgeons recommend thoracoscopy. Others advocate a median sternotomy or clamshell approach, and still others prefer bilateral thoracotomies. A single-institution retrospective analysis reported that resecting the contralateral lung was associated with improved EFS and OS rates.

Prevention

Research is ongoing to find ways to prevent bone cancer. But it is not known whether lifestyle changes will reduce the risk of osteosarcoma or other bone diseases such as Paget’s disease.

It is not possible to prevent osteosarcoma, but an early diagnosis and treatment can greatly improve a patient’s chance of survival. A patient should get regular checkups and should report any new lump or swelling to their doctor.

An X-ray is an important tool to detect osteosarcoma, as it helps the doctor see any abnormalities in the bones. CT scan is also useful for a more detailed view of any bones affected by the tumor. These tests can help in determining the size of the tumor, its location and the extent of the damage caused to surrounding tissues. It can also identify if the tumor has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body.

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The Evolution of Live Soccer Broadcasting: From Stadiums to Screens.

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Soccer, the world’s most popular sport, transcends cultures, languages, and borders. Enthusiasts from every corner of the globe gather in front of screens large and small to watch their favorite teams clash on the pitch. The anticipation that builds before a match, the camaraderie found in the chants of fans, and the electrifying atmosphere of a stadium can also be captured online through live soccer broadcasts, or 축구중계 as it’s known in Korea.

Live soccer streaming has revolutionized how we interact with the sport. Today, with just a few clicks, you can be transported to stadiums thousands of miles away, experiencing the game in real-time, without the need for travel. The beauty of 축구중계 lies in its ability to bring matches to life for those who can’t be there in person.

The adrenaline rush is real, whether you’re witnessing a spectacular goal, a contentious penalty, or the tactical prowess of world-class athletes. Soccer broadcasts bridge the gap between the fans and the field, with the roar of the crowd and the commentator’s passionate play-by-play adding layers to the visual feast. Such a vibrant experience is a true testament to the power of live soccer coverage to capture the hearts and imaginations of viewers around the world.

Moreover, the advancements in technology have paved the way for features like multi-angle views, instant replays, and in-depth analyses, further enriching the viewing experience. Fans are no longer passive spectators; they’re now empowered to engage with the game on a higher level, dissecting every move and strategy as if they were the coach themselves.

As we marvel at the technological advancements transforming soccer broadcasts, it’s interesting to ponder how this medium will evolve. Perhaps virtual reality will eventually simulate the experience of being in the stadium, complete with the ability to look around and cheer with virtual fans.

To wrap up, live soccer broadcasting is not just about watching a match; it’s a multisensory experience that captivates and connects fans worldwide. It’s a testament to how a simple game can be elevated into a grand spectacle through the magic of technology and the universal language of soccer.

FAQs

What is 축구중계?

축구중계 translates to “live soccer broadcast” in Korean, referring to the streaming of soccer matches in real-time.

How has technology changed the way we watch soccer?

Technology has allowed for features like multi-angle views, instant replays, in-depth analyses, and interactive elements, creating a more engaging viewing experience.

Can live soccer broadcasts capture the atmosphere of a stadium?

Yes, through high-definition visuals, sound enhancements, and commentary, live soccer broadcasts can replicate the atmosphere of a stadium, making viewers feel like they’re part of the action.

What future advancements might we see in live soccer broadcasting?

Future advancements might include virtual reality experiences, allowing viewers to feel as though they are inside the stadium, and increased interactivity during live broadcasts.

Where can one find live soccer broadcasts?

Live soccer broadcasts can be accessed through various platforms such as cable sports networks, online streaming services, and specialized sports websites offering 축구중계.

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Bone cancer in Great Danes and its devastating effects

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Osteosarcoma in Great Danes

Osteosarcoma is a painful disease that starts in the weight bearing bones of the legs. It almost always requires amputation of the affected leg and often results in unrelenting pain that cannot be controlled with medications alone.

Amputation and chemotherapy are the standard treatment for osteosarcoma, and some dogs do quite well.

Lymphoma

Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that is commonly found in large and giant breed dogs (Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds and Rottweilers) however dogs of all sizes can be affected. This tumour typically develops in the long bones of the limbs (humerus, radius/ulna, femur and tibia) but can also affect the skull, pelvis and ribs.

This tumour is extremely painful and frequently causes a progressive, crippling lameness in the fore or hind limbs that does not respond to standard pain killers. In advanced cases the tumour can cause the break down of the bone causing severe pain and muscle wastage.

Chemotherapy is the recommended treatment for osteosarcoma, this involves weekly visits to a veterinary oncologist over a period of six months. The chemotherapy drug used is called cisplatin and it can lead to kidney damage so we need to monitor blood tests very closely. Sadly the prognosis for this tumour is not good and it will inevitably lead to death in most cases. Radiation therapy is often offered as a palliative treatment in the hope of improving quality of life and possibly prolonging it.

Hemangiosarcoma

Frequently found in large breed dogs, particularly Great Danes, this tumor forms abnormal blood cells and is located under the skin. It can be very difficult to detect, as it grows and spreads quickly. Hemangiosarcoma is also very painful and often bleeds, especially as it grows. We can detect signs of this disease during senior wellness testing.

Bruxism (teeth grinding), restlessness and a bloated stomach are common signs of this disease in Great Danes. Gastric dilatation and volvulus, more commonly known as bloat, occurs when the dog’s stomach twists, filling it with gas and cutting off blood supply to the organ. If not treated promptly, bloat can be fatal in as little as 30 minutes.

The primary treatment options for bone cancers affecting the long bones of the body are surgical excision and chemotherapy. Amputation of the affected limb provides immediate pain relief and greatly improves quality of life. Chemotherapy can prolong the remission of the tumor and allow dogs to live for years after amputation and surgery.

Eye Diseases

The most common way to treat osteosarcoma is amputation of the affected limb. This removes the tumor and in nearly all cases resolves the pain. Limb-sparing surgery is also possible in some dogs, but this can lead to complications including infection and decreased mobility in the limb.

Chemotherapy is often recommended as a follow-up to amputation or limb-sparing surgery. It won’t cure the osteosarcoma or extend life expectancy, but it will reduce symptoms and may prolong the time your dog has before the cancer spreads.

As more and more great danes are being diagnosed with these conditions, research is advancing to help us understand how these diseases affect our big dogs. This knowledge can help us develop more effective treatments in the future, and hopefully one day eradicate these bone tumors entirely. Until then, we will continue to evaluate their health and provide them with the care they need.

Pododermatitis

Pododermatitis is an inflammation of the skin of the feet with resulting swelling, pain and discharge. It is often caused by a combination of causes and can be difficult to diagnose. X-rays of the feet are usually required to evaluate for bone involvement. Other diagnostic tools include a cytology of the paw smear, hair pluckings and skin scrapings to look for yeast infections, bacteria, parasites (demodex mites), and fungus.

Treatment varies depending on the cause. If infection is the underlying cause, a course of antibiotics and topical medications will be needed. If allergy is the underlying cause, food and contact allergen avoidance will be needed. Blood work can help determine any hormone imbalances that may be present.

Osteosarcoma of the long bones of your dog’s legs is common in large breed dogs. This cancer can spread from the bones to other organs of the body including the lungs. Once the lungs are involved, euthanasia is the best option for your pet.

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Enter the World of Thrilling and Secure Gaming with 메이저놀이터

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Every gaming enthusiast knows the excitement that comes with exploring a new site with loads of fun-filled activities and opportunities; 메이저놀이터 provides just that. 토토사이트, 메이저놀이터, 놀이터추천, 메이저사이트, 사설토토사이트, 검증놀이터 are all conglomerates of thrill, fun, and entertainment, offering a fantastic gaming experience.

Have you ever joined a gaming platform only to experience annoying glitches, unresponsive customer service, and tedious withdrawal processes? 메이저놀이터 is here to change that narrative. Consider it as your top gaming companion, offering an easy and efficient system that eliminates stress while maximizing fun.

Can you imagine having access to a multitude of games? 메이저놀이터 provides you with an array of gaming options to choose from- all at your fingertips! This site stands out not only for its extensive options but also for prioritizing user satisfaction.

High-definition graphics, realistic sound effects, and straightforward navigations are some of the offerings of 메이저놀이터. Its design considers even the most novice gamer. Nobody is left out; age or gaming expertise becomes barriers, even though age restrictions apply.

Ever wondered what it feels like to game at the peak of technology and design? 메이저놀이터 offers that and more. Its user interface is considerable; the gaming site contains amazing features for both novice and seasoned gamers. All you need to do is explore.

Joining 메이저놀이터 opens you to exciting benefits. Ever thought of the thrill that comes with engaging in a risk-free gaming experience? Our site ensures not only fun and camaraderie but also a safe and secure gaming environment.

In conclusion, 메이저놀이터 is transcending the boundaries of online gaming, providing an efficient, user-friendly platform chock-full of exciting games. So why wait? Enjoy your gaming experience like never before. Start playing now!

FAQs.

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– It’s a gaming platform providing a multitude of gaming options and a user-friendly interface.

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Unleashing the Magic of Live Sports Broadcasting

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Savor the Thrill of 스포츠중계

The euphoria that comes with watching a live game is indescribable, right? From the pulsating atmosphere to the unpredictable twists and turns, the whole experience is second to none. But what happens when we can’t make it to the stadium? That’s where comes in, revolutionizing our viewing experience and bringing the excitement right to our screens.

Unleashing the Magic of 스포츠중계

Can you imagine a world where instead of making your way through the bustling throng to your stadium seat, you sit comfortably in your own living room, yet you are smack-dab in the middle of the action? 스포츠중계 is just that, a magic portal that transports you to the very heart of the game.

스포츠중계: More Than Just a Game

Live sports broadcasting, or 스포츠중계 in Korean, is more than simply airing a match. It’s about capturing the entire essence of the event, spotlighting the ebb and flow of the game, that nail-biting moment when the score is tied, and the jubilation when a point is finally scored. It wraps up all the emotions, camaraderie, and high stakes and serves them in a single package. Have you ever felt that rush of adrenaline when watching a match live on screen? That’s the 스포츠중계 effect!

Why 스포츠중계 is a Game Changer

스포츠중계 has not only brought us closer to the action, but also expanded the reach of various sports. How many times have you discovered a new sport or athlete simply browsing through different 스포츠중계 channels or websites? Broadcasting sports live has democratized access, allowing sports enthusiasts from all walks of life to appreciate a diverse range of sports events from all corners of the globe.

Conclusion

In conclusion, 스포츠중계 has transformed how the world watches sports. It’s not just about making do with what’s available; it’s about redefining the sports viewing experience, making every moment more accessible, inclusive, and electrifying than ever.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is 스포츠중계?
– 스포츠중계 is the Korean term for live sports broadcasting.

2. Why is 스포츠중계 important?
-스포츠중계 plays a crucial role in making sports accessible to a wider audience, providing real-time coverage of various events.

3. Where can I watch 스포츠중계?
– 스포츠중계 can be viewed on television broadcasters, radio stations, and often, through online streaming platforms.

4. How has 스포츠중계 changed the sports arena?
– Through 스포츠중계, spectators are able to enjoy their favorite sports live at the comfort of their homes, and it has helped in exposing more people to different sports globally.

5. How does 스포츠중계 enhance viewer experience?
– 스포츠중계 captures the full essence of the games, highlighting the pivotal moments, and direct spectator interaction, enriching the overall viewing experience.

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Survival rates and treatment options for osteosarcoma explained

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Osteosarcoma 10-Year Survival Rate

Osteosarcoma survival rates vary based on the type and stage of the cancer, how well doctors treat it, and other factors. One of the most important factors is how quickly the cancer spreads.

Treatment for osteosarcoma often includes surgery to remove the tumor and chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The type of surgery depends on where the tumor is located.

Treatment

If you have osteosarcoma in a bone, treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. You may also want to consider taking part in a clinical trial of newer treatments.

The first step is a biopsy to find out whether or not your tumor is cancerous. A surgeon removes a small piece of the lump for a biopsy, but the procedure can be difficult. Doctors have to be careful not to damage the bones and other tissues around the tumour.

Most cases of osteosarcoma are treated with chemotherapy. These strong medicines kill cancer cells and help the tumour shrink, which can make surgery easier. Chemotherapy is usually given before surgery, but it may continue afterward to catch any stray cancer cells that might have escaped.

In some cases, doctors need to amputate the arm or leg where the osteosarcoma is located. This is done if the tumour is growing into nerves or blood vessels, or if it’s very big. After an amputation, most people learn to use a prosthetic limb.

Risk factors

Almost 4 out of 5 people with osteosarcoma who have their cancer completely resected are alive five years later. Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body is much harder to treat.

Most people with osteosarcoma are children and teens. It is more common in boys than girls and in teens between the ages of 10 and 19. People with tumors that are found in the bones of the pelvis or chest and skull have a higher chance of having metastases (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) than those with osteosarcomas in other locations.

The European and American Osteosarcoma Study-1 (EURAMOS-1) is a collaboration of four international study groups that aims to improve outcomes in this rare primary malignant bone tumour by facilitating randomised controlled trials. The results of this large international cohort study reinforce known prognostic factors and add new information only achievable from such a large study.

Diagnosis

The health care team will ask about your child’s medical history and do a physical exam. They will check for lumps or swelling around the bones. They will also do imaging tests. These may include X-rays, CT scans, MRI and bone scans. These tests show changes in the bones and can tell if cancer has spread to other bones.

A biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. The surgeon doing the biopsy should be the same one who will do the eventual tumor resection to avoid contamination of the biopsy tract with cancer cells. [38]

Doctors use the results of the biopsy to determine the grade of the tumor and how serious it is. They will also use the information about the size of the tumor and whether it has spread to other parts of the body to decide what treatment is best. This process is called staging. If the cancer has spread, doctors give chemotherapy to kill any more cancer cells.

Prevention

Although it’s rare, bone cancers can recur or spread (metastasize) after treatment. That’s why it’s important to get regular follow-up exams. Your healthcare provider can take a sample of a lump or mass and test it for cancer cells.

Osteosarcoma occurs most often in the long bones of the legs, such as the femur and tibia. This is because the bones grow most quickly in these areas during childhood and adolescence. The risk of osteosarcoma increases with age. It’s most common in people 10-19 years old, and it tends to affect boys more than girls.

Treatment innovations have improved the outlook for this disease over the years. However, the intense treatment can have serious side effects that may last for a long time after therapy. Your doctor can help you manage these side effects. He or she can also recommend resources to support you during and after treatment.

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Plunging into 토토총판모집: A Gateway to Financial Freedom

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Delving into 토토총판모집: A Lucrative Opportunity in The Betting Sector

The world of gambling presents vast prospects of profit, and one of the most attractive ventures is 토토총판모집. But what exactly is this lucrative opportunity, and why should you be interested?

Unpacking 토토총판모집

토토총판모집, a widespread initiative in the Korean betting industry, is a recruitment drive for Toto distributors. What are Toto distributors, you ask? Well, they are middlemen in the betting world , individuals who shoulder the load of managing bettors, staking wagers and handling financial transactions. In essence, they lubricate the betting machine, ensuring seamless operations for both bettors and the betting companies they represent.

Why 토토총판모집?

Why indeed. The answer lies within the handsome returns it presents. Owing to the surge in demand for betting activities, Toto distributors find themselves in an advantageous position. The more success a distributor achieves in managing a large pool of bettors, the higher their compensation. So, one might say 토토총판모집 is a gateway to financial freedom .

Weighing Positive Aspects and Challenges

Like any other venture, 토토총판모집 has its fair share of benefits and challenges. On the bright side, the recruitment process is relatively straightforward, providing chances for individuals from all walks of life. Plus, the earnings can be quite considerable .

On the flip side, handling numerous bettors can be hectic and demands precision to avoid errors. Additionally, the unpredictability of betting outcomes may cause stress. Discussing the challenges is essential, not to discourage prospective recruits, but to prepare them for the journey ahead.

Conclusion

토토총판모집 is a golden opportunity for anyone looking to plunge into the expansive realm of betting, reaping hefty benefits from the burgeoning industry. Yes, challenges are inherent, but the predicted success and profits are worth the effort. For the fearless and the venturesome, 토토총판모집 is the call to answer.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is 토토총판모집?

토토총판모집 is a recruitment plan that seeks to enlist individuals as Toto distributors within the Korean gambling industry.

2. What does a Toto distributor do?

A Toto distributor acts as a middleman between the betting company and the bettors, handling stakes, transactions, and bettor management.

3. How can I earn from 토토총판모집?

Your earning as a Toto distributor highly depends on how efficiently you manage your pool of bettors. More success translates to higher income.

4. What are the challenges of 토토총판모집?

The main challenges include managing a large number of bettors, dealing with the unpredictability of betting outcomes, and shouldering the stress that comes with it.

5. Is 토토총판모집 worth it?

While it presents challenges, 토토총판모집 offers substantial returns, making it a lucrative opportunity in the betting industry.

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Diagnosing and Treating Osteosarcoma

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Osteosarcoma Diagnosis

A doctor can find out if you have osteosarcoma by asking about your symptoms and doing a physical examination. They will also do imaging tests. These include X-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, and bone scans.

You may have limb-saving surgery, in which doctors remove the tumor without removing the arm or leg. Your doctor will use medicine (chemotherapy) before surgery to lower the chance that cancer cells will come back.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of osteosarcoma is bone pain that gets worse and lasts for weeks or longer. It may hurt when you move or touch the area. It may cause a lump or bump, which is often warm and red. It may also cause a limp or limited movement.

Sometimes osteosarcoma spreads before a diagnosis is made. It happens most often in the wide ends of long bones (femur and tibia in your leg and arm, humerus in your upper arm) but can be found in other flat bones, such as those that support and protect organs.

Our doctors use a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation to treat osteosarcoma. Chemotherapy uses drugs to shrink the tumor and kill cancer cells. Your doctor may also give you a type of radiation called proton therapy to target the tumor and avoid nearby organs and healthy tissue.

Physical Examination

If you or your child has symptoms of a bone tumor, the health care provider will ask about your or your child’s medical history and do a physical exam. They will check the bones for unusual lumps or masses and for tenderness and swelling.

They may also order X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to find out the size of the tumor and whether it has spread. They may also order a blood test to measure the levels of certain chemicals that are higher in cancer patients than in healthy people.

Many osteosarcomas are treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors before surgery. If the cancer has spread, radiation therapy is used to kill any remaining cancer cells in the lungs and other bones.

X-rays

X-rays can be used to find and diagnose bone tumors. They can also show cancer that has spread to bone from another part of the body.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can be used to look at the marrow inside bones and to check for cancer in soft tissues, such as muscles and blood vessels. They can also help find and measure the size of the tumor.

A biopsy is a procedure that takes a sample of the tumor for laboratory testing. The test results can help doctors decide what treatment is best. The doctor may use a needle biopsy or surgically remove the tumor to get a tissue sample. A pathologist will examine the tissue to make a diagnosis. The doctor will also look at the type of cells in the tumor to determine its grade.

MRI

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan shows more detail about the tumor. It also helps doctors learn if the cancer has spread to other bones, or metastasized.

The doctor may perform a biopsy to remove small pieces of the tumor for further testing. This can be done with a needle or during surgery.

These tests show the type of cells in the tumor and how fast they grow. They can help doctors find out what grade the osteosarcoma is.

Most people with an osteosarcoma in a bone can be treated with limb-sparing surgery and chemotherapy. This can save the limb and improve survival and chances of a cure. Long-term follow-up is needed to watch for recurrence of the cancer or spread to other bones.

Biopsy

In a biopsy, doctors remove small amounts of tumor and normal tissue to study in the lab. This lets doctors see if the cells are cancerous and what kind of osteosarcoma it is.

Doctors also look at the size of the tumor and how fast it’s growing. They might also do a CT scan or an MRI to check for other areas of cancer in your bones or organs like the lungs.

Most people with osteosarcoma need surgery to take out the tumor and some surrounding tissue. They might also get chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These are used to kill any remaining cancer cells and prevent them from coming back.

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Osteosarcoma Grades: Low-grade, Metastatic, and Rare

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Osteosarcoma High Grade

Anyone who has a lump or mass in their bone should see a doctor right away. They may need a biopsy to find out if it’s cancer.

People who have osteosarcoma need surgery and chemotherapy. They might also need radiation therapy or a medical device to fill in the space where the tumor was removed from their bone.

Grade 1

Osteosarcomas of grade 1 are considered low-grade and grow slowly. These tumors can be removed (resected) completely by surgery. If these osteosarcomas are in the bones of the limbs, pelvis, or skull, they have a good prognosis. These types of osteosarcomas are also less likely to spread to other parts of the body, called metastasis.

These osteosarcomas are more common in the femur than in other bones of the body. They are often found in the distal femur. They can be found in other bone areas, including the proximal tibia, humerus, jaw, and pelvis. Some people with these tumors may have skip lesions, which are small tumors that can’t be seen on X-ray but cause pain and other symptoms.

Some surgeons might use surgical biopsy to evaluate a person’s tumor. This involves cutting out a small sample of the tumor and then looking at it under a microscope. This helps doctors know whether the tumor is cancerous and what the chances are of it spreading.

Grade 2

Osteosarcoma develops when healthy bone cells start to grow and form a lump (mass). The cancer may spread to other parts of the body, a process called metastasis. This can happen when the cancer cells break away from the site of the tumor and travel through blood vessels to other parts of the body.

The cells in low-grade osteosarcoma look a lot like normal cells and tend to grow and spread slower than the high-grade cells. These cancers are sometimes referred to as low grade or resectable osteosarcoma. They may be cured with surgery alone, but doctors often recommend chemotherapy as well to prevent the cancer from returning.

The general outlook for people with osteosarcoma depends on the grade and stage of the tumor, as well as their age and overall health. Every person is different, and survival rates vary widely from one person to the next.

Grade 3

This type of bone cancer often starts in the end of long bones like the femur or tibia. It can also start in the top of the arm bone (humerus) close to the shoulder. It’s more common in boys than girls. The cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs. This stage is called advanced or metastatic osteosarcoma.

It’s important to know the stage of your child’s cancer. This helps the doctors plan treatment. Staging describes how far the cancer has spread.

Grade 1 cancers look more like normal cells and grow and spread slower than grade 2 tumors. All Ewing sarcoma and most osteosarcoma and spindle cell tumors are grade 2.

If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, it’s called stage 4. Two out of 4 patients with metastatic osteosarcoma in the lungs died. The others had a good outcome with a combination of chemotherapy and surgery.

Grade 4

These are rare tumors, found most often in the distal femur but also occur in the proximal tibia, pelvis, jaw and ribs. They can spread (metastasize) to other bones and other organs, particularly the lungs.

Histologically, these tumors appear to be well differentiated. However, radiologically they can have a variety of appearances, including calcifications and cortical destruction.

Previously, the standard of care for these tumors was neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. However, these tumors recur in about 20% of patients after surgical removal.

To improve the outcomes of these tumors, it is important that the patient be treated with a combination of therapy. This includes X-rays, CT scan or MRI of the primary tumor, as well as chest X-rays and bone scans to look for metastases in other bones. Then, the patient is given chemo to shrink the cancer before surgery, and then more chemo after surgery to catch any remaining cancer cells. Then the patient has surgery, which may include removing more than one area of the bone.

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